Essay Smoking Cigarettes - 538 Words

Smoking Cigarettes In todays society, three out of five Americans are addicted to smoking cigarettes. In other words, every individual in America is either a smoker or has a friend or relative who smokes. The tobacco industry is one of Americas largest growing industries. There are many smokers and non-smokers in the world and just the same there are many differences and similarities between the two. From being treated different publicly to being looked at differently in terms of health, both smokers and non-smokers have their pros and cons. Just as smokers attend social events so do non-smokers. A few examples of the social events attended are: bars, clubs, concerts, restaurants, bowling alleys,†¦show more content†¦Both smokers and non-smokers see this as difficult. For instance, if you had to attend a meeting for work at a restaurant. You might end up as a non-smoker sitting next to someone puffing away or feeling uncomfortable as a smoker sitting next to someone who condemns cigarette smoke. Even though both are at a disadvantage some smokers feel as if they are being punished by having to sit on opposite sides of the building. In comparison, both smokers and non-smokers have to deal with stress. While living in this money-crazed and fast paced society, we will all get stressed out at one point. A full-blown smoker must deal with the stress of addiction. Addiction comes with an array of problems such as: money, health, family, etc†¦ A non-smoker living with a smoker also has to deal with these problems. Whether it is that they are worried about the health of the individual or worried about the individual (Non-smokers Behavior) 3rd Subject (Non-smokers Behavior) (Smokers Behavior) spending too much money buying cigarettes. Unlike smokers, non-smokers do not stress out about situations such as not getting a smoke break at work, how many cigarettes they have left, or why cigarette prices have sky-rocketed. Non-smokers also do not have to deal with the burden of quitting. In the same way, both smokers and non-smokers have to deal with health problems due to cigarette smoke. Second hand smokeShow MoreRelatedThe Smoking Of Cigarette Smoking855 Words   |  4 Pageschild as well. What a mother ingests is what her growing fetus ingests through her umbilical cord; the life line from the mother to the precious innocent life she holds so dear. The goal of this paper is to give some insight on the use of cigarette smoking in pregnancy. Let’s begin with a short history of what was previously called Nicotiana. Today it is known to humans as Tobacco. Tobacco has been in existence prior to Pre-Columbian America (900 – 1500) when it was first discovered as an herbRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes791 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Smoking Cigarettes Should be Illegal Smoking cigarettes should be illegal due to the vast amount of annual deaths it causes. Smoking produces 10 times the amount of pollution that a diesel car exhaust would. This shows that not only are humans and animals affected by smoking, our environment is greatly damaged by the amount of pollution smoking creates. Smoking is something that people usually get addicted to, like a drug.This drug can cause many diseases such as lung cancer. Not only can itRead MoreThe Dangers Of Cigarette Smoking Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages People smoke cigarettes for various reasons. Some smoke only when they are drinking alcohol and others smoke regularly. The level of smoking among the regular smokers varies from individual to individual. There are those who smoke a cigarette or two during the day and their others who smoke at least a pack a day. How people start to smoke varies. The main entry point however is peer pressure. Many smokers came to be introduced to the habit at a young age in either high school or in college or toRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes And Cigarette Smoking774 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco cigarette smoking includes various physical associations such as hand and mouth motions, suckling, and taking cigarette breaks (Oh Kacker, 2014). According to Patrounova, 2015, in comparison to other forms of nicotine replacement therapies, Electronic cigarettes satisfy smokers’ needs to fulfill certain smoking rituals. Electronic cigarettes may be able to quench certain urges and cravings due to its design, which can also assist in fulfilling the habitual dependence of smokers (PatrounovaRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarette Smoking Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome popular around the globe, such as cigarette, cigar, e-cigarette, and chewing tobacco. The origin of the tobacco plant was in North and South America where the American Indian utilized tobacco for religious and medical purposes. Later on, many forms of tobacco have been created and harmful substances have been integrated in. After world war 1, the use of cigarette became significantly notorious. Several decades later in 1964, the hazards of smoking cigarette became known to the public (Boston universityRead MoreThe Death Of Cigarette Smoking Essay2110 Words   |  9 Pagespreventable cause of death and disease in the United States of America is Cigarette smoking. In America yearly, more than 480,000 deaths occur due to cigarette smoking; within those numbers more than 41,000 deaths are due to inhalation of second hand smoke. As we progress and advertisement for the serious complications of cigarette smoking continues to increase our world begins to show a decline in the amount of cigarette smokers. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that there hasRead MoreSmoking Vs Cigarette Smoking1802 Words   |  8 PagesSmoker vs. Non-Smoker: Evaluating The Effects of Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. The use of tobacco products such as cigars, pipes, hookahs, bidis, and kreteks have proven to develop various health effects. It has been linked to the following medical conditions: †¢ Aortic aneurysms †¢ bronchitis †¢ cancer of the lip or mouth †¢ cancer of the stomach †¢ cancer of the urinary bladder †¢ cervical cancer †¢ emphysema †¢ esophagus (food pipe) †¢ heartRead MoreThe Dangers of Cigarette Smoking1040 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that most users regret starting on. Nowadays, smoking can cause health problems for any human. Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Some people think that smoking cigarettes are a helpful way to reduce stress for the moment. In my point of view, tobacco smoking has seriously negative effects such as smoking-related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and it costsRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 PagesDangers of Smoking Cigarettes are everywhere. They’re sold in almost every gas station, pharmaceutical store, and even ordinary grocery stores in the United States. Cigarettes have endorsements from celebrities, big tobacco companies, advertised on billboards, and through commercials. Smoking is a problem because it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunelyRead MoreEssay On Cigarette Smoking1268 Words   |  6 PagesCigarette smoking is something people all over the world have been doing for about 2000 years. Back in 2003, the first electronic cigarette was successfully created by a gentleman named Hon Lik. Lik was a 52 year old pharmacist at the time, whom of which was also a smoker. The inspiration behind making the electronic cigarette came after Lik’s father passed away from lung cancer due to him also being a heavy smoker. â€Å"A Hist orical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes.† cassia.org. Consumer Advocates

“Sleep Improves Memory the Effect of Sleep on Long Free Essays

Journal Article Critique of â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Long Term Memory in Early Adolescence† Comprehension Purpose The Purpose of â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Long Term Memory in Early Adolescence† by Katya Trudeau Potkin, Willsiam E. Bunney, JR was to assign the selected students to sleep and no sleep conditions and compare tested results about adolescents on how getting sleep and not enough sleep could affect the memory. The results were an increase of 20. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: the Effect of Sleep on Long or any similar topic only for you Order Now % in long-term memory (Figure 1) was found as measured by the number correct in the paired-associate test following sleep, compared to the groups which was tested at the same time interval, but without sleep. Results/Conclusion The study showed that older adults performance did not improve following sleep. Sleep dependent memory consolidation decreases with age. Lack of sleep can cause the subject to not be able to reach his or her full potential on â€Å"cognitive performance† which was not observed in the sample (4). Analysis and Evaluation Strengths One of the strengths was that the groups tested were divided into two groups, â€Å"Twenty females and twenty male adolescents† (1). I feel that it was evenly distributed to find out if it affected male or female differently. Each subject had a better experience of testing with the comfort of his or her home and was able to eat a good meal before testing. Subjects were asked about how good of nights rest did they get and most of the answers were good to very good which made the testing a little bit more accurate. The students were also given the test over the weekends and school breaks inside a quiet room, away from all distractions. The sleep group’s mean age was 12. 9 compared to 12. 4 for the non-sleep group (t= (1. 52), df (1,38), p =0. 14). (See Table 1 for demographic characteristics and performance scores). There was no statistically significant sex difference in performance for either task (2). The test used to test memory on the subjects is called the paired-associate test. This test is the standard way to monitor memory. The memory is measured by using this scale (2). The results that were given were compared to another outside study group and after comparing the two, the outcomes were consistent. The studies showed that it didn’t matter what time of day, but periods of sleep helped enhance the declarative memory. Taking a nap at different times of the day is just as good as getting a full nights rest, not saying that its better than a full nights rest but it helps to build and repair memory. Weaknesses The author stated that â€Å"It is important to have data on the effects of normal sleep† (4). There are so many different types of sleep disorders that can keep someone from getting a good night’s rest. One paragraph states â€Å"Sleep disorders are even more prevalent in adolescents with psychiatric disorders and developmental disabilities† (4). Twenty five to forty percent of adolescents have sleep disorders. It’s very important to get data on the effects of normal sleep. There are consequences from having lack of sleep and bad sleep patterns, none of these things were talked about in the studies of the subjects. All of the subjects that were chosen were healthy and didn’t have any health issues. If there were to be someone with these issues, then the numbers would be different. Some other studies of sleep that effects other types of memory wasn’t used in this article, for example visual, procedural and emotional memory. The chart used in this article is very hard to understand but this is the standard chart to use for documenting memory. This chart is hard to understand when looked at for the first time; it just looks like numbers on a page. Another issue that I had with the article is the studies ended with using adolescents. Synthesis and Evaluation One of the major changes that I feel should be done is to create a longer sample. One paragraph stated â€Å"Our study was limited as the sample was pportune† (4). There were a lot of sources that could have been used but wasn’t. Memory would be more understandable if there were more included. People with sleep disorders could have been included to show how that affects memory. Another thing that could help understand memory is if adults, middle age and the elderly were used. The older you get, your memory starts to taper off and remains the same then it declines as you grow even older. Memory is at its greatest when you are an adolescent and memory is at its worse when you are elderly. Alzheimer is a big factor when dealing with the elderly. The mind can deteriorate if rest is needed over a long time period. If the body continues to go without rest over the years then it will be hard for the mind to repair itself. This topic would have been something to help us understand memory as we age. I would have added a formula to the chart to show how the numbers come about. The bar graph was something good as a visual but how did we get those numbers? I would have shown step by step process on how to make these calculations. The research results were compared to another study from an outside source, on the same subject and the outcomes matched. We can’t come to conclusion that these answers are right because it is simply not enough information to say these results are true. I think that if the results were compared to even more outside sources to see how the results compare would give us a wider range and more accurate results. These are just a few ways that I think would have made this article stronger and better to understand. Works Cited Potkin KT, Bunney WE Jr. â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Longterm Memory in Early Adolescents†. Plos one 7. 8 (August 2012): 1-4. Academic Search Complete PsycINFO. EBSCO. Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC. 28 Feb 2013 How to cite â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: the Effect of Sleep on Long, Papers

Crown, Cork Seal free essay sample

As many successful companies do, Crown Cork Seal began with an idea—one that had the potential to improve the world in which we live. In 1891, a machine shop foreman conceptualized a superior method for creating bottle caps, and set about to do so. Crown Cork Seal was born, and what followed were intermittent periods of triumphant achievements and costly missteps, soaring profits and depressing losses, eventuating in a successful company with rich tradition and history. However, the competitive business environment slows for no one, and the company finds itself constantly reevaluating its strengths, its competitive advantages, and the viability of the industry in which it has built its legacy. Industry Outlook One of Crown Cork Seal’s foundational questions involves their industry in general—is it an attractive industry in which to compete? Like most industries, there are things that make the metal container industry an advantageous one, and there are elements of the nature of the industry that are troublesome to its members. The low potential for new entrants does provide somewhat of a safeguard against fresh competition; however, the strong buyer power, high threat of substitutes, and intense competition from rivals makes the industry relatively unattractive on several key levels. For potential new entrants, the metal container industry does not seem to be attractive due to the high barriers to entry. Most of all, the economies of scale provide current players with economic advantages that would be extremely difficult to reach for new entrants. Additionally, the saturation of the market does not make it very attractive to new entrants, as competition for current sales is so intense. The high barriers to entry are, however, an advantage for current producers, which do not have to be scared by the arrival of new competitors. When viewing the industry through the lens of the buyers, the main consideration is the price, since the products are definitely undifferentiated and offer low switching costs. The idea for companies in the metal container industry is therefore to reduce shipping and managing costs. In this quest to always obtain lower costs, some buyers even started to produce their own metal cans (major beer producers making 55% of their necessary cans). Therefore, the power of buyers is relatively high, which weakens the producers’ power in this industry. On the supply side, various factors exert influence over the power of suppliers, leaving it relatively benign. The superior quality and recyclability of aluminum compared to steel leads to a higher demand for aluminum; however, the price is still the main constraint, and aluminum costs have to be limited to prevent steel from increasing its market share (which explains Alcoa‘s decision to limit prices). Some producers are also suppliers of raw materials (Reynolds Metals) and benefit from advantages that other companies don’t have access to (Crown, for instance). The cost of aluminum also tends to grow (even with the limitations in order to compete with steel), but on the other side, the overall capacity of production has really increased from 1987 to 1989 (7%), offering more latitude to the producers. The threat of substitutes in the industry is a powerful force, especially domestically. As plastic gains traction and technologies advance (possibly increasing the ability to preserve carbonation in plastic containers), this pressure is only likely to increase. The existence of many substitute products (glass, steel, plastic, etc. ) is another constraint on prices, especially given the high percentage of production costs per can due to raw material (around 65%). Finally, due to the importance of keeping prices low, the industry is run by fierce price-based competition to maintain market share; the main companies in the industry also utilize volume discounts to provide more attractive offers. But once again, the fierce competition based on prices reduces the attractiveness of the industry, where margins tend to be tightened. Despite important barriers to entry that protect current producers, the industry is not very attractive mainly because of its saturation that offers very few opportunities and its price-based competition that lowers the margins. Rivalry is fierce over prices, and customers benefit from a real power over the producers. Strategic Positioning Most great organizations can trace a portion of their success to a visionary, a leader, or a champion of some sort. For Crown Cork Seal, that leader was John Connelly. Connelly took over the presidency of the company in 1957, while the company was on the brink of bankruptcy. His overall strategy focused on controlling costs while prioritizing quality and service. Connelly reduced staff, discarded the divisional accounting departments and central RD facility, and increased accountability through the organization. His approach kept Crown Cork and Seal from bankruptcy and on a road to exponential growth in profitability (1,646% increase in profits from 1957-1961). Products and Markets: Crown positioned itself as a small producer in the industry, and therefore targeted specialized uses and international markets, as well as focusing on their current high-competency area of tin-plated cans and crowns. When fiber-foil cans encroached the market of motor oil, Crown exited the oil can market and targeted beverage cans and the aerosol market in the US. In response to the emerging soft drink industry, Crown specialized in two-piece steel cans and began to design its equipment to allow for rapid changeover. The company also improved flexibility to accommodate just-in-time delivery. Emphasizing the needs of the industry allowed Crown to gain competitive advantage and economic scale to lower the cost. Production process: Crown reorganized its manufacturing facilities, increasing the number of facilities across the country but decreasing the size of each facility. New facilities were located near customers to reduce transportation cost. Crown not only kept more inventory to accommodate urgent customer demand, but also improved the quality control process to improve efficiency and lower costs. As the selling price for metal cans decreased and the profit margin diminished, manufacturers had to compete with qualified products and deeply discounted prices. Research and Development: Crown did not consider itself pioneers, therefore the RD strategy is to enhance the existing product line, such as adapting to customer needs. This strategy allowed Crown to meet customers’ expectations and innovate organically without large research expenses. Marketing and customer service: Crown emphasized the quality of customer service. Sales forces maintained close relationships with customers, and other functions such as RD and manufacturing worked to accommodate the customers’ needs. With the consolidation of soft drink bottlers, buyers’ power increased. Crown believed that it had to provide better customer service to maintain the customer relationships and grow sales. Finance: Crown paid off its debt by reducing inventory and liquidation, repurchasing preferred stock and halting dividends, all of which improved the financial performance of Crown. The debt ratio dropped from 42% in 1956 to 5% in 1986. International: Due to the transportation cost, shipping products to overseas market was not profitable; therefore, Crown invested heavily in developing countries to meet the demand of international markets. Crown’s overseas subsidiaries hired local people to serve the marketplaces, and used obsolete equipment from US facilities that was adequate to serve the needs of these emerging markets. Strategy By 1989, Crown Cork Seal had moved from an innovation-focused strategy with a central decision maker, to an owner-operator strategy that gave individual managers more control. Connelly had developed this functional approach to help realign the company around three key pillars: (1) lower costs, (2) improve quality and (3) best-in-class customer service. According to a Crown spokesperson, this new strategy made certain that everyone in the company was held accountable. With those strategic pillars in place and the company’s â€Å"back to basics† system of activities, it is most likely that Crown would target customers with high customization needs as well as customers in developing countries. In a highly saturated, commoditized, and price sensitive market, Crown’s only point of differentiation was their quality and service. These core strengths are best suited for a target that had more intense service needs. The developing market aligned well with Crown’s non-risk approach to innovation. They were able to use older machines in these areas and were not as susceptible to the risk of substitute products. Crown creates value with the high-customization target by providing unprecedented customer service, quick turnaround on projects, and a tailored RD team that works directly with the customer to find solutions for their business needs. Crown captures this value by marketing their quality and promoting constant improvement within the organization. Because of the ownership model, managers in different plants can capture value faster for clients with immediate fulfillment needs, as opposed to having to go through a system of approvals within Crown. To create value with the international market, Crown uses a national management system. They lean on the local managers to determine consumer needs and to provide consistent quality in developing nations. They capture this value through their â€Å"pioneer rights† strategy that allows them the first right of refusal on new contracts. Through this partnership, they lower the threat of rivals and increase barriers to entry.